Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (7 March 1765 – 5 July 1833) was a French inventor and photography pioneer whose work transformed visual technology forever. Born in Chalon-sur-Saône, France, into a well-educated family, Niépce had a passion for science and mechanics from a young age. After studying science and serving as a staff officer under Napoleon Bonaparte, he left public service to dedicate himself to invention and research.
In 1807, with his brother Claude, Niépce developed the Pyréolophore, one of the first internal combustion engines, successfully testing it on the Saône River. The brothers also improved the Marly hydraulic machine supplying water to Versailles and experimented with the Vélocipède, an early bicycle design.
By the 1810s, Niépce grew fascinated with lithography and the camera obscura. Determined to permanently capture images, he experimented with light-sensitive materials, eventually discovering that Bitumen of Judea hardened under sunlight and could create lasting images. This led to the invention of heliography (“sun drawing”), the world’s first photographic process.
Around 1826–1827, Niépce produced View from the Window at Le Gras, the first permanent photograph in history. Partnering with Louis Daguerre in 1829 to refine the process, Niépce passed away in 1833 before photography became public. Daguerre’s daguerréotype (1839) gained fame, but Niépce is now honored as the true father of photography.
His heliograph plate resurfaced in 1952 and is preserved at the Harry Ransom Center, Texas. France established the Niépce Prize in 1955 to honor photographers under 50 working in France, cementing Niépce’s legacy as the visionary who gave humanity the power to capture reality through light.
TMDB Mini Biography by: Ashvin Borad
